PubMed SPDT Sono-Dynamic Therapy
1 Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT): A Novel Strategy for Cancer Nanotheranostics
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising non-invasive therapeutic modality. Compared to photo-inspired therapy, SDT provides many opportunities and benefits, including deeper tissue penetration, high precision, less side effects, and good patient compliance. Thanks to the facile engineerable nature of nanotechnology, nanoparticles-based sonosensitizers exhibit predominant advantages, such as increased SDT efficacy, binding avidity, and targeting specificity. This review aims to summarize the possible mechanisms of SDT, which can be expected to provide the theoretical basis for SDT development in the future. We also extensively discuss nanoparticle-assisted sonosensitizers to enhance the outcome of SDT. Additionally, we focus on the potential strategy of combinational SDT with other therapeutic modalities and discuss the limitations and challenges of SDT toward clinical applications
2 Sonodynamic Therapy: A Potential Treatment for Atherosclerosis
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic arterial disease, is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several treatment modalities have been demonstrated to be effective in treating AS; however, the mortality rate due to AS remains high. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising new treatment using low-intensity ultrasound in combination with sonosensitizers. Although SDT was developed from photodynamic therapy (PDT), it has a stronger tissue-penetrating capability and exhibits a more focused effect on the target lesional site requiring treatment. Furthermore, SDT has been demonstrated to suppress the formation of atheromatous plaques, and it can increase plaque stability both in vitro and in vivo. In this article, we critically summarize the recent literature on SDT, focusing on its possible mechanism of action as well as the existing and newly discovered sonosensitizers and chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of AS.
3 Sonodynamic Therapy: Concept, Mechanism and Application to Cancer Treatment
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) represents an emerging approach that offers the possibility of non-invasively eradicating solid tumors in a site-directed manner. It involves the sensitization of target tissues with a non-toxic sensitizing chemical agent and subsequent exposure of the sensitized tissues to relatively low-intensity ultrasound. Essentially, both aspects (the sensitization and ultrasound exposure) are harmless, and cytotoxic events occur when both are combined. Due to the significant depth that ultrasound penetrates tissue, the approach provides an advantage over similar alternative approaches, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which less penetrating light is employed to provide the cytotoxic effect in sensitized tissues. This suggests that sonodynamic therapy may find wider clinical application, particularly for the non-invasive treatment of less accessible lesions. Early SDT-based approaches employed many of the sensitizers used in PDT, although the manner in which ultrasound activates the sensitizer differs from activation events in PDT. Here we will review the currently accepted mechanisms by which ultrasound activates sensitizers to elicit cytotoxic effects. In addition, we will explore the breath of evidence from in-vitro and in-vivo SDT-based studies, providing the reader with an insight into the therapeutic potential offered by SDT in the treatment of cancer.
4 Current Status and Future Perspectives of Sonodynamic Therapy in Glioma Treatment
Abstract
Malignant glioma is one of the most challenging central nervous system diseases to treat, and has high rates of recurrence and mortality. The current therapies include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, although these approaches often failed to control tumor progression or improve patient survival. Sonodynamic therapy is a developing cancer treatment that uses ultrasound combined with a sonosensitizer to synergistically kill tumor cells, and has provided impressive results in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The ultrasound waves can penetrate deep tissues and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier to enhance drug delivery to the brain. Thus, sonodynamic therapy has a promising potential in glioma treatment. In this review, we summarize the studies that have confirmed the pre-clinical efficacy of sonodynamic therapy for glioma treatment, and discuss the future directions for this emerging treatment.
5 Sonodynamic Therapy Improves Anti‑tumor Immune Effect by Increasing the Infiltration of CD8+ T Cells and Altering Tumor Blood Vessels in Murine B16F10 Melanoma Xenograft
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) uses a combination of sonosensitizers and low‑intensity therapeutic ultrasound to destroy tumor cells. However, its effects on the tumor microenvironment, particularly on the immune state, remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine the capacity and potency of the antitumor immunity induced by SDT. In the present study, sonosensitizer, 5‑aminolevulinic acid (5‑ALA), and/or ultrasound (US) were used to treat mouse B16F10 melanoma xenograft (1.0 MHz, 0.8 W/cm2, 10% duty cycle) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs; 0.87 MHz, 0.6 W/cm2, 60% duty cycle). Various immune cells, and proteins associated with the immunoregulation such as forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3), cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA‑4), and CD80 were detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. The effect of SDT on blood vessels which were located in the central and peripheral area of tumor tissues was observed by transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of SDT on intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 (ICAM‑1) expression on HUVECs was detected by western blotting and reverse transcription‑semi‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that SDT inhibited tumor growth and improved outcomes. The mean inhibition rate of tumor volume in the US + ALA group was 43.8% and median survival was 45 days in US + ALA group vs. 27.5 days in the control group. SDT increased the number of CD45+ cells, in particular CD8+ and CD68+ cells and upregulated the expression of CD80 in the tumor tissues. The expression levels of Foxp3 and CTLA‑4 were downregulated following SDT. The endothelial cells of tumor central were damaged, but the lumen area of the tumor peripheral vessels (TPVs) and the expression of ICAM‑1 on HUVECs were increased after SDT. The results indicated that SDT improved the outcomes of melanoma‑loading mice, increased the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and downregulates the expression of Foxp3 and CTLA‑4 in mouse melanoma tissues. Furthermore, SDT increased the lumen area of TPVs in murine xenograft and the expression of ICAM‑1 on HUVECs, which may be beneficial to the transendothelial migration of immune cells and the anti‑tumor immune response.
6 Sonodynamic Therapy of Atherosclerotic Plaques - Breaking the Cycle∗
Over the last decades, atherosclerosis has become 1 of the leading causes of mortality, accounting for 17.9 million deaths—or 31% of all deaths—worldwide. This incidence is expected to rise further, considering that atherosclerosis represents an accumulation of vascular damage increasing in an aging society.....Intriguingly, the authors include a first clinical application of DVDMS-SDT in atherosclerotic patients in their study, in which they are able to demonstrate a reduction in plaque vessel density and a reduction in vessel inflammation measured via positron emission tomography-computed tomography, mirroring the results obtained in the previous animal experiments.
7 Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review
The acronym ESKAPE includes six nosocomial pathogens that exhibit multidrug resistance and virulence: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. Persistent use of antibiotics has provoked the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria, which render even the most effective drugs ineffective. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase producing Gram negative bacteria have emerged as an important therapeutic challenge. Development of novel therapeutics to treat drug resistant infections, especially those caused by ESKAPE pathogens is the need of the hour.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is widely used for treating dental, skin, and soft tissue infections. For a more detailed description of the current state and future prospects of light therapy with respect to the various photosensitisers, light sources, and methods used, mechanism of antimicrobial action or antibiofilm potential, the reader may be referred to the excellent reviews published recently (Cieplik et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2018; Tomb et al., 2018; Wozniak and Grinholc, 2018). However, none of these reviews have especially focused on in vivo studies of aPDT against ESKAPE pathogens.PSs chosen preferably have a large absorption coefficient in the visible spectrum, especially in the long wavelength (red near infrared) region, to allow effective penetration of light in the infected tissue.
Overall, photodynamic therapy appears to be a promising option for treatment of infections caused due to ESKAPE pathogens, particularly effective in topical applications. aPDT co administered or conjugated with antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, or efflux pump inhibitors show a synergistic effect
8 Porphyrin-based cationic amphiphilic photosensitisers as potential anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a photosensitiser, light and molecular oxygen to induce oxidative stress that can be used to kill pathogens, cancer cells and other highly proliferative cells. There is a growing number of clinically approved photosensitisers and applications of PDT, whose main advantages include the possibility of selective targeting, localised action and stimulation of the immune responses. Further improvements and broader use of PDT could be accomplished by designing new photosensitisers with increased selectivity and bioavailability. Porphyrin-based photosensitisers with amphiphilic properties, bearing one or more positive charges, are an effective tool in PDT against cancers, microbial infections and, most recently, autoimmune skin disordersIn comparison to the conventional anticancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has several advantages. It is largely non-invasive, and site-specific, and thus can be used when conventional therapy is ineffective and/or not advised (Allison and Moghissi 2013a). Photosensitiser (PS) is usually non-toxic in the absence of light, and is passively accumulated and retained in the tumour tissue (Vaidya et al. 2006). The mechanism that conferes this therapeutically advantageous feature is known as enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) (Maeda et al. 2016). Once a PS is accumulated in the tumour, it is activated with local application of light of the appropriate wavelength, which leads to the formation of the cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) that can kill tumour cells. Singlet oxygen diffusion is usually limited to within the cell due to its short half-life (Skovsen et al. 2005), so upon photoactivation only those cells that accumulated PS are killed, with minimal collateral damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. PDT also usually spares the surrounding connective tissue, which is very important when the tumour is in a delicate region and the organ structure must be preserved (Allison and Moghissi 2013b)
Due to ROS-mediated targeting of microbial membranes, membrane proteins, DNA, etc., of various pathogens, PACT represents a broad-spectrum multitargeted approach with very limited, if any, chances for the development of resistant bacteria or viruses (Jori et al. 2006, Tavares et al. 2010; Costa et al. 2012b; Dosselli et al. 2012; Maisch 2015). PACT has been applied successfully to inactivate bacteria, fungi, protozoans and parasites